Comments, opinions and an occasional ramble
Tackling the Malay-Muslim underclass issue
The moment I thought about writing on the topic of the Malay-Muslim underclass issue after reading this article by Zul Othman in TODAYonline, I knew that I’m going to have to walk the tightrope really carefully. Some people might not take kindly to someone of an ethnic group commenting on the problems of another. So, before I continue, I would like to clarify that what follows are comments based on the standpoint of an outsider, and if my observations are wrong, I am more than happy to stand corrected.
In his article, Zul Othman notes the many problems of the Malay-Muslim underclass, such as “the high number of Malay-Muslims in drug rehabilitation centres and prisons, or rampant youth delinquency, promiscuity and teen pregnancies.” A social worker who was interviewed for the article said despite their best efforts, there are just too many families to help and too few resources available to help everyone.
I guess the problem is pretty much overwhelming, but I do think the situation is going to get worse in the future, unless something can be done about the size of the families of the Malay-Muslim underclass. It is my personal observation that, relative to other Singaporean ethnic groups, Malay families tend to be much bigger, and it is going to be much more difficult to give necessary parental guidance to a large number of children, especially for the poorer families where the parents probably have to spend most of their time working to make ends meet in the family.
I’ve talked to Malay-Muslim friends about the relatively large size of their families, and hearing their explanation, I appreciate why Malay-Muslims value large families. However, from a pragmatic outsider standpoint, it seems to me that having many kids is likely to result in insufficient parental supervision, and that is a probable reason as to why the Malay-Muslim community is currently experiencing such issues.
I personally see no reason why the Malays should lag other ethnic groups in areas such as education. I think the biggest problem really is that resources within the Malay-Muslim underclass family have been stretched too thin, thus hindering the development of the children in these families to their fullest potential. A generation ago, the Chinese folks had pretty large families too, but it appears there was a paradigm shift (largely helped by the stop at two policy) and Chinese families tend to be very much smaller nowadays, so each child gets more resources to develop his/her potential.
If there is one thing that must be done now, it is to encourage the Malay-Muslim underclass to have a more manageable family size. All things being equal, a smaller number of kids will mean that each child will get more resources and attention, which may reduce the number of delinquent youths. In fact, it’s not just the Malay-Muslim underclass that should keep family size manageable; everyone who’s intending to start families should give some thought about what’s a manageable family size.
And personally, I think three kids, plus minus one, is a nice number.
| Print article | This entry was posted by Aaron Ng on 05/01/2010 at 6:58 pm, and is filed under Perspective. Follow any responses to this post through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback from your own site. |


about 8 months ago
Actually, the problem might be the other way around – declining fertility in the other ethnic groups might be a result of certain toxins that affect reproductive fitness. For example, in Southern Italy which is more agricultural and poorer than Northern Italy, fertility rates are lower and in fact are the lowest in Europe. This is thought to be related to the excessive use of pesticides in tomato cultivation. It is probably worth exploring the impact of phytoestrogens in food consumed by non-Malays in Singapore
about 7 months ago
As far as addressing the large family sizes is concerned, I think education should include family planning. There must be more emphasis on practicality (eg. couples should ask themselves, “are we earning enough to support a work-family balance, so that we don’t neglect the kids even if we both have to work?”)
about 7 months ago
Paul,
I never looked at the issue from that point of view! It’s a pretty fascinating thought! However, the critical part of me wonders if there’s an element of sarcasm in your comment.
about 7 months ago
Mustafa,
I guess it’s a good idea to bring up the topic of family planning for discussion in the classroom, probably as part of sex education. The burgeoning family size of the underclass is going to make it harder for the family to get out of the poverty cycle.
about 7 months ago
Aaron, you hit the nail on the head!!!!
In the book Freakonomics, an extensive study conducted in the US strongly correlates the decline in crime with the legalisation of abortion in each state. There is clockwork consistency – after abortions are allowed, 20 years later the crime rate declines in what every single locality regardless of the timing of the legislation.
The logic is very simple. When women abort a child, it is usually because she is unable to care for the child properly. Allowing abortions, generally improves the standard perental care for children because women have only children they are capable of caring for.
Good care for children reduces problem behavior later on. Have too many and you cannot provide good care.
Countries adopt one or both of 2 approaches:
1. Aid the poor to take better care of their children.
2. Discourage the poor from having more children.
(1) is out in Singapore because the govt probably believes it will result in misincentives leading to more children and welfare is a dirty word in Singapore. So we are left with (2) discourage the poor from having children – do it to strongly and systematically and you will accused of eugenics.
I always believe in the middle path. Encourage and educate them to have fewer children and give incentive for them to do so. But when that fails, and the child is born do more to ensure that the child is well taken care of – aid, education, nutrition etc.
about 7 months ago
Aaron,
I think it’s commendable that you’re interested in issues pertaining to the minorities and do hope there can be more such people. I happen to come from the ethnic group you were talking about, so I thought I’d just share my views.
You argue that the larger family size of Malays is the cause of this “underclass” phenomenon. You also say your ideal family size is “three kids, plus minus one”. But Aaron, the total fertility rate (TFR) of the Malays is less than 2; it is slightly higher than the Chinese but still nowhere near your ideal family size (all these stats are publicly available at singstats website, so I don’t want to bore you with them here). The TFR does get larger as one goes to the poorer segments of the community, but therein lies the real problem: the Malays have on average bigger family sizes because they are on average economically poorer (do take a look at the income and education levels of the various ethnic groups and you’ll be amazed by the disparity). Poorer and less educated people, especially women, tend to have bigger families, a very robust worldwide phenomenon. You say that the Chinese in Singapore had a “paradigm shift” such that families became smaller some time back. There was no paradigm shift, just massive rise in incomes that led to more educated Chinese couples wanting smaller families.
In short, the cause and effect is reverse: it is not large families causing socio-economic backwardness, but socio-economic backwardness that is causing large families. Cause and effect is very important in trying to formulate policies. The issue has nothing to do with ethnicity and because of the confounds of socio-economic backwardness more prevalent among the Malays, we tend to see more of such class issues among them. Unfortunately, our society and government are very prone to using convenient labels of “Malays” as if that explains anything.
I don’t have a magic bullet to solve the problem, but if you are familiar with the Malay community, you will know the problem runs deeper than just the “underclass”. Even the middle class is highly mediocore; middle-class income and education are lagging what is going on at the national level if you are familiar with the statistics.
about 7 months ago
Lucky Tan,
Thanks for confirming my opinion with some evidence. And I too believe in the middle path for almost everything. By the way, do you happen to be a Buddhist? :p
about 7 months ago
Hi FA,
I just happen to be a busybody who comments randomly on things I have an interest in.
Reading your comment, I think it’s a chicken and egg thing: does big family size result in poverty, or does poverty result in big family size? I don’t think there’s a clear answer.
I am not going to say I’m right or you’re wrong but I would like to clarify I base my argument about encouraging smaller family size among the Malay-Muslim underclass purely on pragmatism. I think it’s easier and faster to convince people to have less kids than to find the necessary resources to raise the socio-economic status of the underclass.
Also, I think that if the issue of family size of the Malay-Muslim underclass is not kept in check, the current problem of insufficient resources to help these people will continue indefinitely. Ultimately, these people need resources to break the poverty cycle, but unless family size is controlled, resources are going to be continually stretched thin, unless there’s a way to get infinite resources.
I hope I’m clear in what I’m explaining and I’m not being long-winded. Thanks for dropping by and leaving such a considered thought!
about 7 months ago
Oh FA, by the way, I disagree with the convenient labeling/stereotyping of Malays. I think Malays are as capable of doing well as anyone. I’ve met very intelligent and capable Malsy folks, but I so happen to see more Malays loitering at void decks playing football and spending the whole day tweaking their motorbikes, and I really wonder why.
about 7 months ago
Aaron, being in social sciences, I’m sure you know all these issues can be addressed statistically. One just has to do a cross-lagged panel, intergenerational correlation to see which is causing which. It has been done elsewhere but of course, in the spirit of Singapore’s anti-intellectual environment, none of these things is known here locally (knowledge is power). Nonetheless, it is very clear the relationship of poverty causing large numbers of children is much stronger, and in a cross-lagged design (one generation correlating with the other), evidence for causality (“chicken and egg”) is stronger.
In any case, I think you’re basing your conclusions on gut feeling/anecdotes instead of actual stats. Even the “underclass” may not have as large a family size as you think. For example, 40% of Malay females with below secondary education have 4 or more children, that’s just a little bit higher than the corresponding figure for the Indians and Chinese (~30%). And of course, in terms of absolute numbers, there are definitely many many more uneducated Chinese families with big families (All in the General Household Survey 2005, demographic trends tables). The majority of uneducated Malay families have your “ideal family size”, so the issue is not family size.
And about playing football and tweaking motorbikes, again, is that what you choose to see or is that reality? (:
about 7 months ago
You are making the assumption that lesser will lead to better. They might still be destined for playing football and spending the whole day tweaking their motorbike, as loitering at void decks…could be their true destiny! It is not such a bad thing after all compared to crime and getting into other kind of trouble. Sounds evil, but this is based on my observations in an area densely populated by Malays. To be honest, the real reason behind their ‘plight’ is that they don’t seem to be as ‘greedy’ as other races, and to some extent they still enjoy some crutches. Maybe it is time for someone to really push the studs into their hides!
about 7 months ago
Ape sees socio-economic backwardness and large families as correlations and not cause-efffect type of relationship.
Apparently there is something else that places some families in socio-economic-backwardness-large-families.
Some run fast, some walk slow.
The fast look forward to what’s ahead (and may speed into the wrong place).
The slow appreciates what has been given to them (by the Creator) but lagged too far behind that they’ve become “backward”.
But all these are just ape’s personal views without any facts or statistics or research or studies to support and validate. :p
about 7 months ago
Hi FA,
Sorry for getting back to you late.
Crossed lagged correlations does help to tell a better story than ordinary correlations, but still, one cannot eliminate intervening variables that could be causing the correlation, so ultimately it’s still not possible to be certain that something is the cause of an effect through correlations, although your point is well-taken and I do agree that addressing poverty is definitely something that needs to be done, but I’m still going to stick to my guns on the point that getting the Malay-Muslim underclass out of the poverty cycle is going to be very difficult without a corresponding decrease in their family sizes due to the simple reason of scarcity.
As for statistics, sure, I’m definitely not as knowledgeable as you are, and I need to read them up. However, I think you need to beware the statistics you are quoting on Chinese family sizes. I don’t know if there’s a breakdown of family sizes by age, but if there is, I have a feeling that the young Chinese underclass have substantially smaller sizes that the young Malay-Muslim underclass. I qualify that I base my comment on casual observation, and I’m willing to stand corrected as always.
Regarding football and motorbikes, I’ve already stated that these are my personal observations, but I should have added “non-scientific” to be more precise. Of course I don’t believe that all Malays do nothing but that. I know enough capable Malays to not blindside myself.
about 7 months ago
Aaron,
There is no ethnic-group by age by education breakdown, so we won’t know what you observe in terms of young Malay “underclass” having bigger family sizes is generally true. My own observation is that this may be true, but again, the problem of underachievement cuts across the board in the community and is not simply restricted to the “underclass” you keep talking about. As I mentioned, the vast majority of Malays (based on many statistics including TFR) and even uneducated ones, do not have as large family sizes as you think, yet the community as a whole is lagging quite substantially in many socio-economic and educational parameters. Long story short: even if you make the Malay ‘underclass’ have no children (LKY’s dream), overall, the Malays will still have tertiary education rates, mean and median incomes, etc. that are vastly lower than the national rates.
I think there is a big danger for comfortable, middle class folks out of both sympathy and self-deceit to think the problem of averages is with the “others”, the extreme tails or “underclass” because it is not. The problem is with the very people who claim they are trying to help the “underclass”. Appended is what I wrote to the Straits Times last year and hope you find it useful.
———————————————————-
Malay middle class, not the poor, must buck up
YAYASAN Mendaki, the self-help group for the Malay/Muslim community, recently conducted a seminar on ways to curb the growing income gap between the Malays and the other races.
According to news reports, the participants lamented over how the Malays are not taking advantage of retraining and upgrading programmes by Mendaki and other bodies which target mostly the lower income groups and the lesser-skilled.
But is the growing income gap between races explained by the lower income group? The statistics question current wisdom.
The income gap between races is widening at a much faster rate for average income than for median income whether by households or by individuals.
The latest Population Census of 2000 data confirms this.
The proportion of Malay households earning less than $1,000 per month has declined by 4.7 percentage points from 1990 to 2000. This is greater than the national drop of 3.4 percentage points.
But the rise in proportion of Malay households in the higher income brackets, that is, those earning $4,000 or more monthly, lags behind the national rise (16.6 percentage points versus 21.7). This disparity in upward mobility across races gets even wider as one goes up the income ladder.
The implication is clear: Poor Malays are closing the gap but the middle- and the upper-income Malays are not competitive and mobile enough to close the gap with the other races.
This, of course, does not mean we should now provide financial subsidies for the middle- and upper-class to get richer.
What it does mean, however, is that while we should still be helping the poor, the Malay community should stop identifying poor Malays as the source of the ethnic income gap and blaming them for not upgrading themselves.
Middle-class guilt and comfort have convinced the more educated Malays that the poor Malays should be the target group.
In fact, what is contributing to the income gap among the races is the lack of upward mobility among the comfortable and complacent Malay middle-class.
Future discussions should highlight this fact.
The middle-class should explore ways to help lift themselves and the community. For example, although more Malays are receiving a university education, disproportionately fewer are in growth areas of the economy such as life sciences research and finance.
For a start, we should motivate the Malay middle-class to upgrade themselves and explore new and exciting growth areas
about 2 months ago
I’m a middle-class Malay dammit
FA is right, we do take things for granted